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Anchoring, Mooring, Berthing and Unberthing
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46 CFR 184, § 184.300 — Ground tackle and mooring lines. What does it provide?
A vessel must be fitted with ground tackle and mooring lines necessary for the vessel to be safely anchored or moored. The ground tackle and mooring lines provided must be satisfactory for the size of the vessel, the waters on which the vessel operates, subject to the approval of the cognizant OCMI.
46 CFR 184, § 184.300
General Considerations — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.1)
When maneuvering to or from a dock, the coxswain should keep the following points in mind and brief the crew on procedures to be used especially when mooring at a new location.
| Step | Procedure |
| 1 | Check the conditions before maneuvering. Always take advantage of wind and current when docking or mooring. To maintain best control, approach against the wind and current and moor on the leeward side of a mooring when possible. Chances are that when mooring, conditions are not the same as when getting underway. |
| 2 | Rig and lead mooring lines and fenders well before the approach. Have everything ready on deck before the coxswain must concentrate and maneuver to the dock. Though common practice is to leave mooring lines attached to the home pier, always have a spare mooring line and moveable fender on the boat and at the ready while approaching any dock, including the home pier. |
| 3 | Emphasize control, not speed, when docking. Keep just enough headway or sternway to counteract the winds and currents and allow steerage while making progress to the dock. Keep an eye on the amount of stern or bow swing. With a high foredeck, the wind can cause the bow to swing much easier, making it harder to control. In higher winds, a greater amount of maneuvering speed may be needed to lessen the time exposed to the winds and currents, but be careful not to overdo it. |
| 4 | Line handling is extremely important when docking. Coxswains must give specific line-handling instructions in a loud, clear voice. If mooring at a different location, brief the crew before starting the approach to where the lines will be secured. Avoid using civilians to handle lines on the dock since their knowledge of line handling is not known and they may not be wearing the appropriate safety equipment. |
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.1
Basic Maneuvers — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.2)
Often, the presence of other craft or obstructions will complicate the clearing of a berth, or any simple maneuver. Wind and/or current can also become a factor. Before maneuvering, the options should be evaluated in order to take full advantage of the prevailing conditions. This section covers some basic examples of mooring and unmooring. Again, actual hands-on practice of different approach styles and maneuvers during different weather conditions with different boat styles are highly recommended.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.2
Clearing a Slip — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.2.a)
Clearing a slip assumes that there is no wind or current, and that the vessel is a twin-screw (see Figure 6-21).
| Step | Procedure | |
| 1 | Turn helm/tiller inboard slightly and apply clutch on inboard engine to move bow away from dock. | |
| 2 | Once bow is clear, reduced helm/tiller to bring stern away from the dock. | |
| 3 | Use throttle and move ahead slowly. | |
| 4 | As the boat gains headway, apply additional helm to turn. Remember that the rudder causes the stern to swing in the opposite direction of the bow around the pivot point. Before starting a turn, make sure the stern will clear the pier. |
[Illustration in the handbook: Figure 6-21 — Clear a Slip (No Wind or Current, Single-Screw)]
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.2.a
Backing into a Slip — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.2.b)
Backing into a slip assumes that there is no wind or current and the vessel is a twin-screw (see Figure 6-22).
| Step | Procedure |
| 1 | Approach at low speed, perpendicular to slip, approximately one-half to one boat-length away. |
| 2 | As the amidship section is even with the nearest edge of the slip, apply hard left rudder and “bump” outboard throttle ahead to swing the stern toward the dock. |
| 3 | As bow swings away from the dock, go to neutral throttle and turn helm/tiller so the propelling machinery is pointed at the back corner of the slip. Immediately apply astern throttle to stop headway and acquire sternway. Side force will stop swing. |
| 4 | Steer towards slip, just aft of desired final position, offsetting for side force as necessary, using astern clutch speed and neutral to keep speed down. |
| 5 | When almost alongside, turn into the dock slightly and “bump” throttle ahead, then go to neutral. |
[Illustration in the handbook: Figure 6-22 — Backing Into a Slip]
(No Wind or Current, Single Outboard/Stern Drive)
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.2.b
Identifying Mooring Lines — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.2.c)
Before using mooring lines to help maneuver at the dock, crewmembers need to first know their names and what they do (see Figure 6-23):
(01) The bow line (#1) and stern line (#4) are used to keep the vessel secured to the dock, (02) The forward spring (#2) and aft spring (#3) are used to keep the vessel from surging forward or aft at the dock.
Normally, only these four lines are required when mooring. During times of foul weather, breast lines (#5) may be used to provide additional holding strength. Fenders should be used at strategic points along the hull to prevent chafing against the dock or float.
[Illustration in the handbook: Figure 6-23 — Mooring Lines]
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.2.c
Using Spring Lines CAUTION ! — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.2.d)
If it becomes necessary to hold position alongside a dock, but swing the bow or stern out in order to clear another vessel or obstacle, using a spring line can help to accomplish this. The aft spring (#3) should be used to “spring out” or move the bow away from the dock. By backing down on a boat’s engine with just the forward quarter spring attached to the dock, the bow will move away from the dock. The forward spring (#2) should be used to “spring out” or move the stern away from the dock. The stern will move away with the rudder full toward the dock and the engines ahead. With the rudder turned the other direction or away from the dock, the stern will move towards the dock or “spring in” (see Figure 6-24). Ensure there is adequate and properly placed fenders between the boat and the dock before attempting a spring maneuver.
[Illustration in the handbook: Figure 6-24 — Basic Spring Line Maneuvers]
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.2.d
Rigging Mooring Lines to “Slip” — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.2.e)
Knowing how to rig mooring lines to “slip” can be helpful, particularly when no shore-side line handlers are available. Both bitter ends should be aboard the boat with a bight around the shore-side attachment point. Then the spring line may be let go, or cast off, releasing one end and hauling in the other. A spring line should be carefully tended so that it does not foul the rudder or propeller or get caught on the dock. When maneuvering, a line tied to a bitt or cleat should always be watched and never left unattended.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.2.e
Rules of Thumb — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3)
The following rules of thumb should be adhered to when maneuvering to or from a dock.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3
Responsibility — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.a)
The coxswain is always responsible for the boat regardless of the existing environmental conditions and situations. Care must be exercised before assigning newly qualified coxswains to missions in extreme weather conditions.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.a
Alongside — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.c)
When maneuvering alongside, speed should be kept to a minimum. Power should be applied in short bursts, supported by helm or tiller action, to get changes in heading; but the bursts should be kept short enough so as not to increase speed.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.c
Precise Control — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.f)
When requiring precise control, the boat’s heading should be kept into the predominate wind or current, or as close as possible. The boat should be maneuvered so that the set from the wind or current is either on the starboard or port bow allowing the boat to “crab” (move sideways) in the opposite direction.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.f
Wind and Current — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.g)
Wind and current are the most important forces to consider in maneuvering. The operator should use them to their advantage, if possible, rather than attempting to fight the elements.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.g
Spring Lines — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.h)
Spring lines are very useful when mooring with an off-dock set or when unmooring with an on-dock set. The spring lines should be used to spring either the bow or stern in or out (see Figure 6-25).
[Illustration in the handbook: Figure 6-25 — Making Use of Current]
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.h
Thrusting Away from Another Boat — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.i)
To thrust away from another boat or a ship, the coxswain should use the prop wash or “screw knuckle.” By applying full power astern in a short burst then returning to neutral, the prop wash will move forward between the boat and the surface alongside, pushing the boat away.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.i
Fenders — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.j)
The coxswain should never attempt to fend a boat off a pier, float, etc., by hand or by foot, but should always use a fender. The proper sized fenders should be kept at hand.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.j
Mooring/ Off-Dock Wind — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.k)
When mooring with an off-dock wind, the approach should be made at a sharp angle - 45° or more.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.k
Mooring/On- Dock Wind — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.l)
When mooring with an on-dock wind, the approach should be made parallel with the intended berth and the fender should be rigged in appropriate positions. The coxswain should ensure that the boat has no fore and aft movement when contacting the dock.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.l
Tying Down — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.m)
Except for using the forward quarter spring, (see Figure 6-23) the stern of a boat should never be tied down while maneuvering beside a dock. This restricts maneuverability.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.m
Pivot Point — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.n)
The pivot point of a boat is approximately one-third of the way aft of the bow when the boat is underway at standard speed. This point moves forward as speed is increased and aft as speed is decreased.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.n
Protecting the Stern — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.o)
The stern should be kept away from danger. If propellers and rudder become damaged, the boat is crippled. If the stern is free to maneuver, usually the boat can be worked out of trouble.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.o
Controlling the Boat — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.p)
The greatest amount of control over the boat is gained by maneuvering into the prevailing face of the wind or sea. Boats turn more slowly into the wind and sea than away from them. A single-screw boat will generally back into the wind when the boat has more “sail” area forward of the boat’s pivot point than aft.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.p
The Wake — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.q)
Coxswains are responsible for their boat’s wake.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.q
Informing the Crew — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.r)
The coxswain must keep the crew informed. The coxswain should never assume the crew knows everything he or she is thinking.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.r
Sea Conditions — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.s)
All coxswains should know the sea conditions in which they can and cannot operate. All coxswains should immediately notify their Operational Commander if they are approaching their comfortable operating limits. It is better to return to the Station for a more suitable platform or a more experienced coxswain/crew than push the limits and possibly injure someone or cause damage to property.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.s
Forethought — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.t)
Coxswains should always think ahead and not take chances.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, D.3.t
Elements — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.1)
The basic elements of proper anchoring include:
(01) Proper equipment availability, (02) Knowledge to use that equipment, (03) Ability to select good anchoring areas.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.1
Terms and Definitions — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.2)
The anchoring system is all the gear used in conjunction with the anchor. The table below defines several of the terms used to describe the different parts of most modern types of anchors.
| Term | Definition |
| Anchor | A device designed to engage the bottom of a waterway and through its resistance to drag maintain a vessel within a given radius. |
| Anchor chocks | Fittings on the deck of a vessel used to stow an anchor when it is not in use. |
| Bow chocks | Fittings, usually on the rail of a vessel near its stem, having jaws that serve as fairleads for anchor rodes and other lines. |
| Ground tackle | A general term for the anchor, anchor rodes, fittings, etc., used for securing a vessel at anchor. |
| Hawspipe | A cylindrical or elliptical pipe or casting in a vessel’s hull through which the anchor rode runs. |
| Horizontal load | The horizontal force placed on an anchoring device by the vessel to which it is connected. |
| Mooring bitt | A post or cleat through or on the deck of a vessel used to secure an anchor rode or other line to the vessel. |
| Rode | The line connecting an anchor with a vessel. |
| Scope | The ratio of the length of the anchor rode to the vertical distance from the bow chocks to the bottom (depth plus height of bow chocks above water). |
| Vertical load | The lifting force placed on the bow of the vessel by its anchor rode. |
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.2
Reasons for Anchoring — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.3)
There are many reasons to anchor; the most important is for safety. Other reasons for anchoring are:
(01) Engine failure, (02) Need to stay outside of a breaking inlet or bar, (03) To weather a storm, (04) To hold position while passing gear to a disabled vessel.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.3
Anchor Types — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.4)
There are different types of anchors with specific advantages of each type. The type of anchor and size (weight) of anchor a boat uses depends upon the size of the boat. It is advisable for each boat to carry at least two anchors (see Table 6-1).
| Maximum Boat Length | Working Anchor | Storm Anchor |
| 20 feet (approx. 7 meters) | 5 lbs. | 12 lbs. |
| 30 feet (approx. 10 meters) | 12 lbs. | 18 lbs |
| 40 feet (approx. 13 meters) | 22 lbs. | 44 lbs. |
[Illustration in the handbook: Table 6-1 — Suggested Anchor Weights for Danforth Anchors]
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.4
Danforth Anchor Ground Tackle — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.5)
Since most boats use a Danforth type anchor because of their excellent holding strength compared to their overall weight, it is described below (see Figure 6-32):
| Part # | Part Name | Description |
| 1 | Shank | Aids in setting and weighing the anchor. Attachment point for the anchor line. |
| 2 | Flukes | Dig in the bottom and bury the anchor, providing holding power. |
| 3 | Crown | Lifts the rear of the flukes, and forces the flukes into the bottom. |
| 4 | Stock | Prevents the anchor from rolling or rotating |
[Illustration in the handbook: Figure 6-32 — Main Parts of a Danforth Anchor]
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.5
Anchor System — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.6)
The complete anchor system consists of the anchor, the rode, and the various fittings connecting the rode to the anchor.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.6
Anchor Rode — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.7)
The rode is the line from the boat to the anchor and is usually made up of a length of line plus a short length of chain. Large vessels may use an all-chain rode. Each element of the system must be connected to its neighbor in a strong and dependable manner.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.7
Line Type — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.7.a)
The most commonly used line for rode is nylon. The line may be either cable laid or braided, and must be free of cuts and abrasions. Foot or fathom markers may be placed in the line to aid in paying out the proper amount of anchor rode.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.7.a
Nylon and Chain Fittings — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.7.b)
Chain added with the rode has several advantages:
(01) Lowers the angle of pull (the chain tends to lie on the bottom), (02) Helps to prevent chafing of the line on a coral or rocky bottom, (03) Sand has less chance to penetrate strands of the fiber line higher up, (04) Sand does not stick to the chain, (05) Mud is easily washed off (without the chain, nylon gets very dirty in mud).
The chain should be galvanized to protect against rust.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.7.b
Securing the Rode — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.8)
There are various methods for securing the rode to the anchor ring. With fiber line, the preferred practice is to place an eye splice with thimble and swivel at the end of the line. If the thimble does not allow the swivel to be attached before the splice, a shackle is used to attach the swivel to the thimble. Then shackles are used to attach the swivel to one end of the chain and the other end of the chain to the anchor’s shank (see Figure 6-33).
[Illustration in the handbook: Figure 6-33 — Anchor Fittings]
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.8
Description Anchoring Techniques — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.9)
The following describes the different fittings used to connect the rode to the anchor:
| Part | Description |
| Shackle | Bends the length of chafing chain to the shank of the anchor. Can also be used to connect other pieces of ground tackle together (swivels, thimbles, etc.). |
| Swivel | Allows the vessel to rotate around the anchor without twisting the line/chain. |
| Thimble | Protects the anchor line from chafing at the connection point. Use synthetic line thimbles for lines 2¾" in |
| Chafing chain | Tends to lower the angle of pull of the anchor and assists in preventing chafing of the anchor line on the bottom. |
| Detachable link | Attaches the anchor and associated ground tackle to the anchor line (not mandatory). |
| Eye splice | Used at the end of the line to permanently attach the thimble. |
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.9
Procedure CAUTION ! — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.10)
Before the need arises, the coxswain should brief the crewmembers on procedures for anchoring. Anchoring involves good communication between the coxswain and the crew. With noise from the engine(s) and the wind, it is difficult to hear voice communication. The coxswain should ensure a pre-arranged set of hand signals that the crew understands. Keep the signals as simple as possible. Never anchor by the stern. Weather and seas may swamp the craft.
NOTE
PFDs must be worn during the anchoring evolution.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.10
Precautions for Selecting Anchorage Area — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.11)
Sometimes it may be possible to choose a sheltered anchorage area in shallow water (40' or less).
(01) Check charts to ensure that the anchorage area avoids any submerged cables or other obstructions. (02) If other boats are in the same area, be careful not to anchor too close to another vessel. (03) Never drop within the swing area of another boat (see Figure 6-34). (04) Always approach the anchorage into the wind or current (see Figure 6-35).
[Illustration in the handbook: Figure 6-34 — Anchorage Swing Area]
[Illustration in the handbook: Figure 6-35 — Approaching an Anchorage]
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.11
Bottom Characteristics — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.12)
Bottom characteristics are of prime importance. The following characteristics of the bottom are normally shown on charts:
| Type | Description |
| Firm sand | Excellent holding quality and is consistent. |
| Clay | Excellent holding quality if quite dense, and sufficiently pliable to allow good anchor engagement. |
| Mud | Varies greatly from sticky, which holds well, to soft or silt that has questionable holding power. |
| Loose sand | Fair, if the anchor engages deeply. |
| Rock and coral | Less desirable for holding an anchor unless the anchor becomes hooked in a crevice. |
| Grass | Often prevents the anchor from digging into the bottom, and so provides very questionable holding for most anchors. |
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.12
Approaching the Anchorage — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.13)
Having selected a suitable spot, the coxswain should run in slowly, preferably on some range ashore selected from marks identified on the chart, or referring to the vessel’s position to radar ranges or GPS data to aid in locating the chosen spot. Use of two ranges will give the most precise positioning. Later these aids will be helpful in determining whether the anchor is holding or dragging.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.13
Lowering the Anchor — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.14)
As the anchor is lowered into the water, it is important to know how much rode is paid out when the anchor hits the bottom. It is advisable to take a working turn on the forward bitt or cleat to maintain control of the rode. If anchoring in a strong wind or current, the anchor rode may not be held with hands alone.
NOTE
Never stand in the coils of line on deck and do not attempt to “heave” the anchor by casting it as far as possible from the side of the boat.
| Step | Procedure |
| 1 | Station two persons on the forward deck (if available). |
| 2 | Haul out enough line from the locker and fake it on deck so as to run freely without kinking or fouling. If previously detached, the line must be shackled to the ring, and the stock set up (if of the stock type) and keyed. |
| 3 | On the coxswain’s command, lower the anchor over the side hand-over-hand until it reaches bottom. |
| 4 | Once the anchor is on the bottom, take a working turn on the forward bitt to control how fast and how much anchor rode is released. |
| 5 | Once the desired length is paid out, make up the anchor rode to the forward bitt. |
Many an anchor has been lost for failure to attach the rode properly. If anchoring for an extended period, the pin should be seized on all shackles to prevent the pin from coming out. Rodes as well, have gone with the anchor when not secured properly to the vessel. Lightweight anchors are always ready for use and do not have to be set up, but a check should always be made to see that the shackle is properly fastened.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.14
Length of Rode (Scope) — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.14.a)
The scope is a ratio of the length of rode paid out to the depth of the water. Enough rode should be paid out so the lower end of the rode forms an angle of 8° (or less) with the bottom. This helps the anchor dig-in and give good holding power.
NOTE
Scope of the anchor rode should have a ratio range between 5:1 and 7:1. For heavy weather use 10:1. (Example: For the 5:1 ratio, anchoring in 20 feet of water would require 100 feet of rode.)
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.14.a
Markers — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.14.b)
Markers along the line, show the amount of rode that is out. It also helps to decide the scope necessary for good holding of the anchor.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.14.b
Setting the Anchor — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.15)
An anchor must be set properly if it is to yield its full holding power. The best techniques for setting an anchor will vary from type to type; only general guidelines can be given here. Experimenting will help determine the best procedures for the boat, the anchors, and the cruising waters.
| Step | Procedure |
| 1 | With the anchor on the bottom and the boat backing down slowly, pay out line as the boat takes it with a turn around the bitt or cleat. |
| 2 | When the predetermined scope has been paid out, hold the line quickly and the anchor will probably get a quick bite into the bottom. |
| 3 | If the anchor becomes shod with mud or bottom grass adhering to the flukes, lift it, wash it off by dunking at the surface, and try again. |
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.15
After Anchor is Set — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.16)
After the anchor is set, perform the following procedures:
| Step | Procedure |
| 1 | Pay out or take in rode to the proper length for the anchorage, accounting for the prevailing and expected weather conditions. |
| 2 | The scope must be adequate for holding, but in a crowded anchorage consider the other boats in the vicinity. |
| 3 | Attach chafing gear to the rode at the point where it passes through the chocks and over the side to prevent abrasion and wear-and-tear on the rode and boat. |
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.16
Checking the Anchor Holding — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.17)
There are several ways to make a positive check to ensure the anchor is holding, and not dragging.
(01) If the water is clear enough to see the bottom, movement may be detected easily. (02) If the anchor rode is jerking, or vibrating, the anchor is most likely not holding. (03) Monitor bearings taken on at least two landmarks (if available) that are a minimum of 45° apart, or use radar ranges and bearings. Small changes usually mean that the wind, tide, or current has caused the boat to swing around the anchor. If the compass heading is constant, but the bearings change, the anchor is dragging. (04) If using a buoyed trip line from the crown of the anchor, apply reverse power to test the anchor’s holding. The float on this line should continue to bob up and down in one spot unaffected by the pull on the anchor rode. (05) Some electronic navigation units (GPS/DGPS) have anchoring features that will warn if the vessel has drifted out of its swing circle. These can be used, but should not replace visual and radar methods.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.17
Making Fast — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.18)
After the anchor has gotten a good bite and the proper scope has been paid out, the line should be made fast to the connection fitting (bitt, cleat, etc.). A check should be made to ensure the vessel is not dragging anchor before shutting off the motor. The fundamental idea in making fast is to secure in such a manner that the line can neither slip nor jam.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.18
Forward Bitt — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.18.a)
On boats with a forward bitt (sampson post), the best way to secure the anchor line is with one full round turn followed by three figure eights around the pin.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.18.a
Stout Cleat — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.18.b)
Where a stout cleat is used to make fast, a full turn is taken around the base, followed by three figure eights around the horns.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.18.b
Anchor Watch — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.19)
Maintain a live watch whenever anchored to monitor the conditions and equipment. Things to watch for are:
(01) Dragging anchor, (02) Changes in the weather, (03) Other vessels dragging their anchor or anchoring near your vessel, (04) Connection of the anchor rode to the fitting.
See Reference (b) for a complete description of the anchor watch.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.19
Weighing Anchor — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.20)
When it is time to weigh anchor and get underway, perform the following procedures:
| Step | Procedure |
| 1 | Go forward slowly and take in the anchor rode to prevent fouling the propellers. |
| 2 | Fake the line on the deck as it comes onboard. |
| 3 | When the boat approaches the spot directly over the anchor, and the rode is tending straight up and down, the anchor will usually free itself from the bottom. |
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.20
Clearing a Fouled Anchor — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.21)
If the anchor refuses to break free, perform the following procedures:
| Step | Procedure |
| 1 | Snub the anchor line around the forward bitt or cleat and advance the boat a few feet. |
| 2 | Sometimes even this will not free the anchor, and the operator should run in a wide circle, slowly, to change the angle of pull. |
| 3 | Take extreme care to ensure the anchor line does not tangle in the propellers during this operation (see Figure 6-36). |
Another way to break out an anchor is with a “trip line” (if one was rigged before anchoring). A trip line is a line strong enough to stand the pull of a
-inch line is a typical size). Perform the following
procedures if a trip line is needed:
| Step | Procedure |
| 1 | Attach one end of the trip line to the crown of the anchor (some anchors have a hole for this purpose). The trip line should be long enough to reach the surface in normal anchoring waters, with allowance for tidal changes. |
| 2 | Secure the other end of the trip line to a float that can be retrieved with a boathook. |
| 3 | If the anchor does not trip in the normal manner, pick up the trip line and haul the anchor up crown first. |
Besides helping recover a fouled anchor, a trip line helps determine where the anchor is on the bottom in relation to the vessel. This may help prevent other boaters from anchoring in the area as well as help make the approach back to the anchor during recovery.
[Illustration in the handbook: Figure 6-36 — Freeing a Fouled Anchor]
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.21
Cleaning the Anchor Anchor Stowage — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.22)
The anchor should be cleaned before bringing it onboard, as it may have some “bottom” on it. Perform the following procedures to clean the anchor:
| Step | Procedure |
| 1 | Either dunk the anchor up and down in the water or make the rode off to your connection point so that the anchor is just below the surface of the water. |
| 2 | Back down slowly and drag the anchor through the water till clean. |
| 3 | Check the condition of the equipment and, before departure from the area, be sure the anchor is adequately secured to prevent shifting and damage to the boat. |
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.22
Boat Size — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.23)
Stowage of ground tackle depends upon the size of the boat. In smaller boats, it may be on deck, with the anchor secured in chocks to prevent shifting as waves cause the boat to roll. Some boats have the working anchor attached to a pulpit and the rode in a forward locker. The ground tackle should always be ready for use when the boat is underway.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.23
Maintenance — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.24)
After anchoring in salt water, ground tackle should be rinsed off with fresh water before stowing it, if possible.
(01) Nylon: Nylon rode dries quickly and can be stowed while damp. (02) All-chain rode: If using an all-chain rode, drying on deck before stowing will help to prevent rust. (03) Natural fiber: A natural fiber, like manila, must be thoroughly dried before stowage to prevent rot.
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.24
Second Anchor Introduction In this Appendix Introduction In this Appendix — what does the handbook teach? (COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.25)
Some boats carry a second anchor to use as a storm anchor. It is stowed securely, but in a readily accessible place with a rode nearby. The second anchor should be inspected from time to time to make sure it is in good condition.
APPENDIX A Glossary
This appendix contains a list of terms that may be useful when reading this Manual. This appendix contains the following information:
| Topic | See Page |
| Glossary | A-2 |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Abeam | To one side of a vessel, at a right angle to the fore-and-aft centerline. |
| Advection Fog | A type of fog that occurs when warm air moves over colder land or water surfaces; the greater the difference between the air temperature and the underlying surface temperature, the denser the fog, which is hardly affected by sunlight. |
| Aft | Near or toward the stern. |
| Aground | With the keel or bottom of a vessel fast on the sea floor. |
| Aids to Navigation (AtoN) | Lighthouses, lights, buoys, sound signals, racon, radiobeacons, electronic aids, and other markers on land or sea established to help navigators determine position or safe course, dangers, or obstructions to navigation. |
| Allision | The running of one vessel into or against another, as distinguished from a collision, i.e., the running of two vessel against each other. This distinction is not very carefully observed. Also used to refer to a vessel striking a fixed structure (i.e. bridge, pier, moored vessel, etc.) per marine inspection. |
| Amidships | In or towards center portion of the vessel, sometimes referred to as “midships.” |
| Anchorage Area | A customary, suitable, and generally designated area in which vessels may anchor. |
| Astern | The direction toward or beyond the back of a vessel. |
| Athwartships | Crosswise of a ship; bisecting the fore-and-aft line above the keel. |
| Attitude | A vessel’s position relative to the wind, sea, hazard, or other vessel. |
| Back and Fill | A technique where one relies on the tendency of a vessel to back to port, then uses the rudder to direct thrust when powering ahead. Also known as casting. |
| Backing Plate | A reinforcement plate below a deck or behind a bulkhead used to back a deck fitting. It is usually made of wood or steel and distributes stress on a fitting over a larger area and prevents bolts from pulling through the deck. |
| Backing Spring (Line) | Line used when towing a vessel alongside which may be secured near the towing vessel’s stern and the towed vessel’s bow. |
| Ballast | Weight placed in a vessel to maintain its stability. |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Beam | The widest point of a vessel on a line perpendicular to the keel, the fore-and- aft centerline. |
| Beaufort Wind Scale | A scale whose numbers define a particular state of wind and wave, allowing mariners to estimate the wind speed based on the sea state. |
| Below | The space or spaces that are underneath a vessel’s main deck. |
| Bitt | A strong post of wood or metal, on deck in the bow or stern, to which anchor, mooring, or towing lines may be fastened. |
| Bollard | A single strong vertical fitting, usually iron, on a deck, pier, or wharf, to which mooring lines or a hawser may be fastened. |
| Boundary Layer | A layer of water carried along the hull of a vessel varying in thickness from the bow to stern. |
| Bow | The forward end of the vessel. |
| Bow Line | A line secured from the bow of a vessel. In an alongside towing operation, the bow line is secured on both the towing and the towed vessel at or near the bow and may act as breast line of each. |
| Bowline | A classic knot that forms an eye that will not slip, come loose or jam, and is not difficult to untie after it has been under strain. |
| Breaker | A wave cresting with the top breaking down over its face. |
| Breaker Line | The outer limit of the surf. |
| Breaking Strength (BS) | The force needed to break or part a line. BS is measured in pounds. More specifically, it is the number of pounds of stress a line can hold before it parts. |
| Breast Line | Mooring or dock line extended laterally from a vessel to a pier or float as distinguished from a spring line. |
| Bridle | A device attached to a vessel or aircraft (in the water) in order for another vessel to tow it. Its use can reduce the effects of yawing, stress on towed vessel fittings, and generally gives the towing vessel greater control over the tow. |
| Broach | To be thrown broadside to surf or heavy sea. |
| Bulkhead | Walls or partitions within a vessel with structural functions such as providing strength or watertightness. Light partitions are sometimes called partition bulkheads. |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Bullnose | A round opening at the forwardmost part of the bow through which a towline, mooring line or anchor line passes. |
| Buoy | A floating aid to navigation anchored to the bottom that conveys information to navigators by their shape or color, by their visible or audible signals, or both. |
| Buoyancy | The tendency or capacity of a vessel to remain afloat. |
| Capsize | To turn a vessel bottom side up. |
| Casting | See back and fill. |
| Catenary | The sag in a length of chain, cable, or line because of its own weight and which provides a spring or elastic effect in towing, anchoring, or securing to a buoy. |
| Cavitation | The formation of a partial vacuum around the propeller blades of a vessel. |
| Center of Gravity | Point in a ship where the sum of all moments of weight is zero. With the ship at rest, the center of gravity and the center of buoyancy are always in a direct vertical line. For surface ships, center of buoyancy is usually below center of gravity, and the ship is prevented from capsizing by the additional displacement on the low side during a roll. Thus the point at which the deck edge enters the water is critical because from here onward, increased roll will not produce corresponding increased righting force. |
| Centerline | An imaginary line down the middle of a vessel from bow to stern. |
| Chafing | To wear away by friction. |
| Chafing Gear | Material used to prevent chafing or wearing of a line or other surface. |
| Chine | The intersection of the bottom and the sides of a flat bottom or “V” hull boat. |
| Chock | A metal fitting through which hawsers and lines are passed. May be open or closed. Blocks used to prevent aircraft or vehicles from rolling. Also, blocks used to support a boat under repair. |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Chop | Short steep waves usually generated by local winds and/or tidal changes. Change of operational control. The date and time at which the responsibility for operational control of a ship or convoy passes from one operational control authority to another. |
| Cleat | An anvil-shaped deck fitting for securing or belaying lines. Wedge cleats are used in yachting to hold sheets ready for instant release. |
| Closeout | The result of a wave breaking, from the ends toward the middle, or two waves breaking toward each other; should be avoided because they can create more energy than a single break. |
| Closing | The act of one vessel reducing the distance between itself and another vessel, structure, or object. |
| Clove Hitch | A hitch often used for fastening a line to a spar, ring, stanchion, or other larger lines or cables. |
| Coast Guard- Approved | Label denoting compliance with Coast Guard specifications and regulations relating to performance, construction, and materials. |
| Coastal | At or near a coast. |
| Comber | A wave at the point of breaking. |
| Combustion | Rapid oxidation of combustible material accompanied by a release of energy in the form of heat and light. |
| Compartment | A room or space onboard ship. Usually lettered and numbered according to location and use. |
| Compass | An instrument for determining direction: magnetic, depending on the earth’s magnetic field for its force; gyroscopic, depending on the tendency of a free- spinning body to seek to align its axis with that of the earth. |
| Course (C) | The horizontal direction in which a vessel is steered or intended to be steered, expressed as angular distance from north, usually from 000° at north, clockwise through 360°. |
| Coxswain | Person in charge of a boat, pronounced “COX-un.” |
| Crab | To move sidewise through the water. |
| Craft | Any air or sea-surface vehicle, or submersible of any kind or size. |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Crash Stop | Immediately going from full speed ahead to full reverse throttle; this is an emergency maneuver. It is extremely harsh on the drive train and may cause engine stall. |
| Crest | The top of a wave, breaker, or swell. |
| Crucifix | Type of deck or boat fitting that resembles a cross, used to secure a line to (e.g., sampson post). |
| Current (Ocean) | Continuous movement of the sea, sometimes caused by prevailing winds, as well as large constant forces, such as the rotation of the earth, or the apparent rotation of the sun and moon. Example is the Gulf Stream. |
| Dewatering | The act of removing water from inside compartments of a vessel. Water located high in the vessel, or sufficiently off-center should be removed first to restore the vessel’s stability. Used to prevent sinking, capsizing or listing. |
| Deck | The horizontal plating or planking on a ship or boat. |
| Deck Fitting | Permanently installed fittings on the deck of a vessel which can be attached to machinery or equipment. |
| Direction of Current | The direction toward which a current is flowing. See set. |
| Direction of Waves, Swells, or Seas | The direction to which the waves, swells, or seas are moving. |
| Direction of Wind | The direction from which the wind is blowing. |
| Displacement Hull | A hull that achieves its buoyancy or flotation capability by displacing a volume of water equal in weight to the hull and its load. |
| Distress | As used in the Coast Guard, when a craft or person is threatened by grave or imminent danger requiring immediate assistance. |
| Draft | The point on a vessel’s underwater body, measured from the waterline, that reaches the greatest depth. |
| Drag | Forces opposing direction of motion due to friction, profile and other components. The amount that a ship is down by the stern. |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Drift | The rate/speed at which a vessel moves due to the effects of wind, wave, current, or the accumulative effects of each. Usually expressed in knots. |
| Drogue | A device used to slow rate of movement. Commonly rigged off the stern of a boat while under tow to reduce the effects of following seas. May prevent yawing and/or broaching. (see sea anchor) |
| Drop Pump | A portable, gasoline-powered pump that is transported in a water tight container. Used for de-watering a vessel. |
| Dynamic Forces | Forces associated with the changing environment e.g., the wind, current, weather. |
| Ebb | A tidal effect caused by the loss of water in a river, bay, or estuary resulting in discharge currents immediately followed by a low tidal condition. |
| Ebb Current | The horizontal motion away from the land caused by a falling tide. |
| Ebb Direction | The approximate true direction toward which the ebbing current flows; generally close to the reciprocal of the flood direction. |
| Eddy | A circular current. |
| Eductor | A siphon device that contains no moving parts. It moves water from one place to another by forcing the pumped liquid into a rapidly flowing stream. This is known as the venturi effect. Dewatering equipment used to remove fire fighting and flooding water from a compartment in a vessel. |
| Emergency Signal Mirror | A mirror used to attract attention of passing aircraft or boats by reflecting light at them. Such reflected light may be seen up to five miles or more from the point of origin. |
| Environmental Forces | Forces that affect the horizontal motion of a vessel; they include wind, seas and current. |
| Eye | The permanently fixed loop at the end of a line. |
| Eye Splice | The splice needed to make a permanently fixed loop at the end of a line. |
| Fairlead | A point, usually a specialized fitting, such as a block, chock, or roller used to change the direction and increase effectiveness of a line or cable. It will, in most cases, reduce the effects of chafing. |
| Fairways (Mid- Channel) | A channel that is marked by safemarks that indicate that the water is safe to travel around either side of the red and white vertically striped buoy. |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Fake Down | To lay out a line in long, flat bights that will pay out freely without bights or kinks. A coiled or flemished line cannot do this unless the coil of the line is able to turn, as on a reel. Otherwise, a twist results in the line which will produce a kink or jam (see coil down and flemish down). |
| Fatigue | Physical or mental weariness due to exertion. Exhausting effort or activity. Weakness in material, such as metal or wood, resulting from prolonged stress. |
| Fender | A device of canvas, wood, line, cork, rubber, wicker, or plastic slung over the side of a boat/ship in position to absorb the shock of contact between vessels or between a vessel and pier. |
| Fetch | The unobstructed distance over which the wind blows across the surface of the water. |
| Fitting | Generic term for any part or piece of machinery or installed equipment. |
| Flood | A tidal effect caused by the rise in water level in a river, bay, or estuary immediately followed by a high tidal condition. |
| Flood Current | The horizontal motion of water toward the land caused by a rising tide. |
| Flood Direction | The approximate true direction toward which the flooding current flows; generally close to the reciprocal of the ebb direction. |
| Foam Crest | The top of the foaming water that speeds toward the beach after the wave has broken; also known as white water. |
| Fore | Something situated at or near the front. The front part, at, toward, or near the front; as in the forward part of a vessel. |
| Forward | Towards the bow of a vessel. |
| Foul | To entangle, confuse, or obstruct. Jammed or entangled; not clear for running. Covered with barnacles, as foul bottom. |
| Frames | Any of the members of the skeletal structure of a vessel to which the exterior planking or plating is secured. |
| Free Communication with the Sea | Movement of water in and out of a vessel through an opening in the hull. |
| Freeboard | Distance from the weather deck to the waterline on a vessel. |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Global Positioning System (GPS) | A satellite-based radio navigation system that provides precise, continuous, worldwide, all-weather three-dimensional navigation for land, sea and air applications. |
| Gong Buoy | A wave actuated sound signal on buoys which uses a group of saucer-shaped bells to produce different tones. Found inside harbors and on inland waterways. Sound range about one mile. |
| Gunwale | The upper edge of a boat’s side. Pronounced “gun-ul.” |
| Half Hitch | A hitch used for securing a line to a post; usually seen as two half hitches. |
| Harbor | Anchorage and protection for ships. A shelter or refuge. |
| Hatch | The covering, often watertight, placed over an opening on the horizontal surface of a boat/ship. |
| Hawsepipe | A through deck fitting normally found above a line locker/hold which allows for the removal of line without accessing the compartment from below deck. Normally only slightly larger in diameter than the line itself. |
| Head Seas | Waves running in an oppsosing direction, or nearly so to a ships course usually caused by wind. |
| Heading | The direction in which a ship or aircraft is pointed. |
| Heaving Line | Light, weighted line thrown across to a ship or pier when coming along side to act as a messenger for a mooring line. The weight is called a monkey fist. |
| Heel | Temporary leaning of a vessel to port or starboard caused by the wind and sea or by a high speed turn. |
| Helm | The apparatus by which a vessel is steered; usually a wheel or tiller. |
| Hoisting Cable | The cable used to perform a boat/helo hoisting evolution. |
| Hull | The body or shell of a ship or seaplane. |
| Hull Integrity | The hull’s soundness. |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Impeller | A propulsion device that draws water in and forces it out through a nozzle. |
| In Step (Position) | The towing boat keeping the proper position with the towed boat. For example; the proper distance in relation to sea/swell patterns so that both boats ride over the seas in the same relative position wave crest to wave crest. |
| Inboard | Toward the center of a ship or a group of ships, as opposed to outboard. |
| Inboard / Outdrive (I/O) | An inboard engine attached through the transom to the outdrive. |
| Inlet | A recess, as a bay or cove, along a coastline. A stream or bay leading inland, as from the ocean. A narrow passage of water, as between two islands. |
| Keel | The central, longitudinal beam or timber of a ship from which the frames and hull plating rise. |
| Kicker Hook | See skiff hook. |
| Knockdown | When a boat has rolled in one direction 90º or greater but does not completely rollover (360º) to right itself. (Example: Boat rolls to port 120º and rights itself by rolling back to starboard.) |
| Knot (kn or kt) | A unit of speed equivalent to one nautical mile (6,080 feet) per hour. A measurement of a ship’s speed through water. A collective term for hitches and bends. |
| Latitude | The measure of angular distance in degrees, minutes, and seconds of arc from 0° to 90° north or south of the equator. |
| Leeward | The side or direction away from the wind, the lee side. |
| Leeway | The drift of an object with the wind, on the surface of the sea. The sideward motion of a ship because of wind and current, the difference between her heading (course steered) and her track (course made good). Sometimes called drift. In SAR, movement of search object through water caused by local winds blowing against that object. |
| Life Ring (Ring Buoy) | A buoyant device, usually fitted with a light and smoke marker, for throwing to a person-in-the-water. |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Lifeline | Line secured along the deck to lay hold of in heavy weather; any line used to assist personnel; knotted line secured to the span of lifeboat davits(manropes or monkey lines) for the use of the crew when hoisting and lowering. The lines between stanchions along the outboard edges of a ship’s weather decks are all loosely referred to as lifelines, but specifically the top line is the lifeline, middle is the housing line, and bottom is the footline. Any line attached to a lifeboat or life raft to assist people in the water. Also called a grab rope. |
| Light List | A U.S. Coast Guard publication (multiple volumes) that gives detailed information on aids to navigation. |
| List | The static, fixed inclination or leaning of a ship to port or starboard due to an unbalance of weight. |
| Local Notice to Mariners | A written document issued by each U.S. Coast Guard District to disseminate important information affecting aids to navigation, dredging, marine construction, special marine activities, and bridge construction on the waterways with that district. |
| Longitude | A measure of angular distance in degrees, minutes, and seconds east or west of the Prime Meridian at Greenwich. |
| Longitudinal | A structural member laid parallel to the keel upon which the plating or planking is secured. Longitudinals usually intersect frames to complete the skeletal framework of a vessel. |
| Longshore Current | A currents that runs parallel to the shore and inside the breakers as a result of the water transported to the beach by the waves. |
| Lookout | A person stationed as a visual watch. |
| Maritime | Located on or close to the sea; of or concerned with shipping or navigation. |
| Marline | Small stuff usually made of two-strand tarred hemp. Used for lashings, mousing, and seizing. |
| Mast | A spar located above the keel and rising above the main deck to which may be attached sails, navigation lights, and/or various electronic hardware. The mast will vary in height depending on vessel type or use. |
| Mayday | The spoken international distress signal, repeated three times. Derived from the French M’aider (help me). |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Mooring | A chain or synthetic line that attaches a floating object to a stationary object. (e.g., dock, sinker) |
| Mooring Buoy | A white buoy with a blue stripe, used for a vessel to tie up to, also designates an anchorage area. |
| Mousing | The use of small stuff or wire to hold together components that would otherwise work loose due to friction (i.e., mousing the screw pin of a shackle into place). |
| Nautical Chart | Printed or electronic geographic representation of waterways showing positions of aids to navigation and other fixed points and references to guide the mariner. |
| Navigation | The art and science of locating the position and plotting the course of a ship or aircraft |
| Noise | The result of the propeller blade at the top of the arc A-12ransferring energy to the hull. |
| Offshore | The region seaward of a specified depth. Opposite is inshore or near-shore. |
| On Scene | The search area or the actual distress site. |
| Opening | The increasing of distance between two vessels. |
| Outboard | In the direction away from the center line of the ship. Opposite is inboard. Also, an engine which is attached to the transom of a vessel. |
| Outdrive | A transmission and propeller or jet drive attached to the transom of a vessel. |
| Overdue | When a vessel or person has not arrived at the time and place expected. |
| Overhauling the Fire | The general procedures performed after a fire has been extinguished. They include breaking up combustible material with a fire axe or a fire rake, and cooling the fire area with water or fog. |
| Overload | Exceeding the designed load limits of a vessel; exceeding the recommended work load of line or wire rope. |
| Passenger Space | A space aboard a vessel that is designated for passengers. |
| Persons Onboard (POB) | The number of people aboard a craft. |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Piling | A long, heavy timber driven into the seabed or river bed to serve as a support for an aid to navigation or dock. |
| Pitching | The vertical motion of a ship’s bow or stern in a seaway about the athwartships axis. Of a propeller, the axial advance during one revolution. (see roll, yaw) |
| Pitchpole | A vessel going end-over-end, caused by large waves or heavy surf. The bow buries itself in the wave and the stern pitches over the bow, capsizing the vessel. |
| Planing Hull | A boat design that allows the vessel to ride with the majority of its hull out of the water once its cruising speed is reached (e.g., 8-meter RHI). |
| Porpoising | A continuous rise and fall of the bow in a rhythmic pattern. |
| Port | The left side of the vessel looking forward toward the bow. |
| Proceeding From Seaward | Following the Atlantic coast in a southerly direction, northerly and westerly along the Gulf coast and in a northerly direction on the Pacific coast. On the Great Lakes proceeding from seaward means following a generally westerly and northerly direction, except on Lake Michigan where the direction is southerly. On the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers and their tributaries, proceeding from seaward means from the Gulf of Mexico toward the headwaters of the rivers (upstream). |
| Prop Wash | The result of the propeller blade at the top of the arc transferring energy to the water surface. |
| Propeller | A device consisting of a central hub with radiating blades forming a helical pattern and when turned in the water, creates a discharge that drives a boat. |
| Pyrotechnics | Ammunition, flares, or fireworks used for signaling, illuminating, or marking targets. |
| Quarter | One side or the other of the stern of a ship. To be broad on the quarter means to be 45° away from dead astern; starboard or port quarter is used to indicate a specific side. |
| Radiation Fog | A type of fog that occurs mainly at night with the cooling of the earth’s surface and the air, which is then cooled below its dew point as it touches the ground; most common in middle and high latitudes, near the inland lakes and rivers; burns off with sunlight. |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Range | A measurement of distance usually given in yards. Also, a line formed by the extension of a line connecting two charted points. |
| Rigging | The ropes, lines, wires, turnbuckles, and other gear supporting and attached to stacks, masts and topside structures. Standing rigging more or less permanently fixed. Running rigging is adjustable, (e.g., cargo handling gear). |
| Rip Current | A current created along a long beach or reef surf zone due to water from waves hitting the beach and traveling out to the sides and parallel to the shore line, creating a longshore current that eventually returns to sea. |
| River Current | The flow of water in a river. |
| Rode | The line to which a boat rides when anchored. Also called an anchor line. |
| Roll | Vessel motion caused by a wave lifting up one side of the vessel, rolling under the vessel and dropping that side, then lifting the other side and dropping it in turn. |
| Roller | A long usually non-breaking wave generated by distant winds and a source of big surf, which is a hazard to boats. |
| Rollover | When a boat rolls in one direction and rights itself by completing a 360º revolution. |
| Rooster Tail | A pronounced aerated-water discharge astern of a craft; an indicator of waterjet propulsion. |
| Rubrail | A permanent fixture, often running the length of a boat, made of rubber that provides protection much as a fender would. |
| Rudder | A flat surface rigged vertically astern used to steer a ship, boat, or aircraft. |
| Sail Area | On a vessel, the amount of surface upon which the wind acts. |
| Sampson Post | Vertical timber or metal post on the forward deck of a boat used in towing and securing. Sometimes used as synonym for king post. |
| Scope | The length of anchor line or chain. Number of fathoms of chain out to anchor or mooring buoy. If to anchor, scope is increased in strong winds for more holding power. Also, the length of towline or distance from the stern of the towing vessel to the bow of the tow. |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Screw | A vessel’s propeller. |
| Scupper | An opening in the gunwale or deck of a boat which allows water taken over the side to exit. Common to most self-bailing boats. |
| Scuttle | A small, quick-closing access hole; to sink a ship deliberately. |
| Seaward | Toward the main body of water, ocean. On the Intracoastal Waterway, returning from seaward is from north to south on the eastern U.S. coast, east to west across the Gulf of Mexico, and south to north along the western seacoast. |
| Set (of a Current) | The direction toward which the water is flowing. A ship is set by the current. A southerly current and a north wind are going in the same direction. Measured in degrees (usually true). |
| Shackle | A U-shaped metal fitting, closed at the open end with a pin, used to connect wire, chain, or line. |
| Shaft | A cylindrical bar that transmits energy from the engine to the propeller. |
| Ship | Any vessel of considerable size navigating deepwater, especially one powered by engines and larger than a boat. Also, to set up, to secure in place. To take something aboard. |
| Shock Load | Resistance forces caused by intermittent and varying forces of waves or sea conditions encounter by a towing boat on its towing lines and equipment. |
| Skeg | The continuation of the keel aft under the propeller; in some cases, supports the rudder post. |
| Skiff Hook (Kicker Hook) | A ladder hook or a stainless steel safety hook to which a six inch length of stainless steel round stock has been welded. A hook that is used in attaching a tow line to a small trailerable boat, using the trailer eyebolt on the boat. |
| Slack Water | The period that occurs while the current is changing direction and has no horizontal motion. |
| Slip Clove Hitch | A hitch used when it may be necessary to release a piece of equipment quickly (i.e., fenders or fender board). |
| Small Stuff | Any line up to 1.5" in circumference. |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Spring Line | A mooring line that makes an acute angle with the ship and the pier to which moored, as opposed to a breast line, which is perpendicular, or nearly so, to the pier face; a line used in towing alongside that enables the towing vessel to move the tow forward and/or back the tow (i.e., tow spring and backing spring). |
| Squat | When a vessel rapidly accelerates from a dead stop, some of the water displaced rushes under the vessel to rise again aft of the stern. This decreases the upward pressure on the hull, making the stern sink deeper in the water than normal. |
| Stanchion | A vertical metal or wood post aboard a vessel. |
| Starboard | The right side of the vessel looking forward toward the bow. |
| Static Electricity | A quantity of electricity that builds up in an object and does not discharge until provided a path of flow. |
| Static Forces | Constant or internal forces. |
| Station Keeping | The art of keeping a boat in position, relative to another boat, aid, or object with regard to current, sea, and/or weather conditions. |
| Steerage | The act or practice of steering. A ship’s steering mechanism. |
| Steerageway | The lowest speed at which a vessel can be steered. |
| Stem | The principal timber at the bow of a wooden ship, to which the bow planks are rabbeted. Its lower end is scarfed to the keel, and the bowsprit rests on the upper end. The cutwater, or false stem (analogous to false keel), is attached to the fore part of the stem and may be carved or otherwise embellished, especially in the vicinity of the head, which usually rests upon it. In steel ships, the stem is the foremost vertical or near-vertical strength member, around which or to which the plating of the bow is welded or riveted. Compare stern-post. |
| Stem the Forces | To keep the current or wind directly on the bow or stern and hold position by setting boat speed to equally oppose the speed of drift. |
| Stern | The extreme after end of a vessel. |
| Strut | An external support for the propeller shaft integral to the hull/under water body. |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Surf | Several waves or swells of the sea breaking on the shore, shoal, reef, bar, or inlet. |
| Surf Line | The outermost line of waves that break near shore, over a reef, or shoal. Generally refers to the outermost line of consistent surf. |
| Surf Zone | The area where surf exists, between the outermost and innermost breaking waves.. |
| Survival Kit | A kit designed to aid a person-in-the-water to survive. Consists of a belt attached around the waist. A personal signal kit is also attached. Boat crews are provided with a vest containing the items found in the signal kit as prescribed in Reference (a). |
| Swell | Wind-generated waves which have advanced into a calmer area and are decreased in height and gaining a more rounded form. The heave of the sea. See roller. |
| Swimmer’s Harness | A harness used to tether and retrieve surface swimmers during rescue/recovery operations. |
| Tactical Diameter | The distance made to the right or left of the original course when a turn of 180° has been completed with the rudder at a constant angle. |
| Taffrail | A rail around a vessel’s stern over which a towline is passed. Used to reduce the effects of chafing on the towline. |
| Thimble | A metal ring grooved to fit inside a grommet or eye splice. |
| Tidal Current | The horizontal motion of water caused by the vertical rise and fall of the tide. |
| Tide | The periodic vertical rise and fall of the water resulting from the gravitational interactions between the sun, moon, and earth. |
| Topside | The area above the main deck on a vessel; weather deck. |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Transom | Planking across the stern of a vessel. |
| Trim | The fore-and-aft inclination of a ship, down by the head or down by the stern. Sometimes used to include list. Also means shipshape, neat. |
| Trim Control | A control that adjusts the propeller axis angle with horizontal. |
| Trough | The valley between waves. |
| U.S. Aids to Navigation System | A system that encompasses buoys and beacons conforming to (or being converted to) the IALA buoyage guidelines and other short-range aids to navigation not covered by these guidelines. These other aids to navigation are lighthouses, sector lights, ranges, and large navigation buoys (LNBs). |
| Uniform State Waterway Marking System (USWMS) | Designed for use on lakes and other inland waterways that are not portrayed on nautical charts. Authorized for use on other waters as well. Supplemented the existing federal marking system and is generally compatible with it. |
| Utility Boat (UTB) | 41' UTB, Coast Guard Utility boat is lightweight and possesses a deep “V” planing hull constructed of aluminum. It is fast, powerful, maneuverable and designed to operate in moderate weather and sea conditions. It normally carries a crew of three, a coxswain, boat engineer, and crewmember. |
| Vari-Nozzle | A fire-fighting nozzle having a fully adjustable spray head that allows the operator to deliver a wide range of spray patterns (from stream to low velocity fog). |
| Venturi Effect | To move water from one place to another by entraining the pumped liquid in a rapidly flowing stream. It is the principle used by the eductor in dewatering a vessel. |
| Vessel | By U.S. statutes, includes every description of craft, ship or other contrivance used as a means of transportation on water. “Any vehicle in which man or goods are carried on water.” (see ship) |
| Wake | The disturbed water astern of a moving vessel. |
| Watch Circle | The circle in which an anchored buoy or object moves on the surface in relationship to tides, currents and wind. |
| Watertight Integrity | The closing down of openings to prevent entrance of water into vessel. |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Wave | A periodic disturbance of the sea surface, caused by wind (and sometimes by earthquakes). |
| Wave Height | The height from the bottom of a wave’s trough to the top of its crest; measured in the vertical, not diagonal. |
| Wave Interference | Caused by waves, refracted or reflected, interacting with other waves, often increasing or decreasing wave height. |
| Wave Length | The distance from one wave crest to the next in the same wave group or series. |
| Wave Period | The time, in seconds, it takes for two successive crests to pass a fixed point. |
| Wave Reflection | The tendency of a wave to move back towards the incoming waves in response to interaction with any obstacle. |
| Wave Refraction | The tendency of a wave to bend in response to interaction with the bottom and slows in shoal areas. Refraction also occurs when a wave passes around a point of land, jetty, or an island. |
| Wave Saddle | The lowest part of a wave, bordered on both sides by higher ones; often small, unbroken section of a wave that is breaking. |
| Wave Series | A group of waves that seem to travel together, at the same speed. |
| Wave Shoulder | The edge of a wave. It may be the very edge of the whitewater on a breaker, or the edge of a high peaking wave that is about to break. |
| Well Deck | Part of the weather deck having some sort of superstructure both forward and aft of it. A vertically recessed area in the main deck that allows the crewmember to work low to the water. |
| Whistle | A piece of survival equipment used to produce a shrill sound by blowing on or through it. To summon, signal or direct by whistling. A device for making whistling sounds by means of forced air or steam. A whistling sound used to summon or command. It is attached to some PFDs and is an optional item for the personal signal kit. It has proven very useful in locating survivors in inclement weather and can be heard up to 1,000 yards. |
| White Water | See foam crest. |
| Wind Direction | The true heading from which the wind blows. |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
| Window | An area where the waves have momentarily stopped breaking, opening up a safer area of operation for a vessel. |
| Wind Shadow | When an object blocks the wind, creating an area of no wind. |
| Windward | Towards the wind. |
| Yaw | Rotary oscillation about a ship’s vertical axis in a seaway. Sheering off alternately to port and starboard. |
APPENDIX B List of Acronyms This appendix contains a list of acronyms that may be useful when reading this and other Coast Guard manuals. This appendix contains the following information:
| Topic | See Page |
| List of Acronyms | B-2 |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| A/C | Air Conditioning |
| AAR | After Action Report |
| ACFT | Aircraft |
| ACIP | Aviation Incentive Pay |
| ACMS | Aviation Computerized Maintenance System |
| ACP | Area Contingency Plan |
| ACP | Alternate Compliance Program |
| ACTSUS | Active Suspension |
| ADF | Automatic Radio Direction Finder |
| ADSW-AC | Active Duty Special Work in Support of Active Component |
| ADT | Active Duty for Training |
| ADT-AT | Active Duty Training for Annual Training |
| AEO | Assistant Engineering Officer |
| AEPO | Assistant Engineering Petty Officer |
| AFC | Allowance Fund Control |
| AFFF | Aqueous Film – Forming Foam |
| AIDS | Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
| AIM | Administrative Investigations Manual |
| AIS | Automatic Identification System |
| AH | Amplitude Modulation |
| AMIO | Alien/Migrant Interdiction Operation |
| AMS | Automated Manifest System |
| AMVER | Automated Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue |
| ANB | Aids to Navigation Boat |
| ANS | Aquatic Nuisance Species |
| ANSI | American National Standards Institute |
| ANT | Aids to Navigation Team |
| AOPS | Abstract of Operations |
| AOR | Area of Responsibility |
| API | American Petroleum Institute |
| APPS | Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships |
| APR | Aid Positioning Report |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| ASB | Arctic Survey Boat |
| ATB | Aviation Training Boat |
| AtoN | Aids to Navigation |
| AtoNIS | Aids to Navigation Information System |
| ATR | Ammunition Transaction Report |
| AUXCOM | Auxiliary Boat Commander |
| AUX DATA | Auxiliary Data |
| AUXPATCOM | Auxiliary Patrol Commander |
| AV | Aid Verifier |
| BA | Bridge Administration |
| BAC | Blood Alcohol Content |
| BAS | Basic Allowance for Subsistence |
| BCEB | Boat Crew Examination Boards |
| BCM | Boat Crewmember |
| BCMP | Boat Class Maintenance Plan |
| BDCM | Buoy Deck Crewmember |
| BDS | Buoy Deck Supervisor |
| BECCE | Basic Engineering Casualty Control Exercises |
| BEQ | Bachelor Enlisted Quarters |
| BM | Boatswain’s Mate |
| BNTM | Broadcast Notice to Mariners |
| BO | Boarding Officer |
| BO/BTM PQS | Boarding Officer / Boarding Team Member Personnel Qualification Standard |
| BOSN | Boatswain |
| BS | Breaking Strength |
| BSC | Boating Safety Circular |
| BTM | Boarding Team Member |
| BUSL | Buoy Utility Stern Loading |
| BWI | Boating While Intoxicated |
| BWM | Ballast Water Management |
| C2 | Command and Control |
| C2PC | Command/Control Personal Computer |
| CABs | Compressions, Airway, and Breathing |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| CAC | Crisis Action Center |
| CASCOR | Casualty Correct |
| CASREP | Casualty Report |
| CBL | Commercial Bill of Lading |
| CB-L | Cutter Boat – Large |
| CB-M | Cutter Boat – Medium |
| CB-OTH | Cutter Boat – Over the Horizon |
| CBRN | Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear |
| CB-S | Cutter Boat – Small |
| CDAR | Collateral Duty Addictions Representative |
| CDI | Course Deviation Indicator |
| CDO | Command Duty Officer |
| CDR | Commander |
| CDV | Course Deviation Variance |
| CEM | Crew Endurance Management |
| CERCLA | Comprehensive Environment Compensation and Liability Act |
| CEU | Civil Engineering Unit |
| CF | Comparison Factors |
| CFC | Combined Federal Campaign |
| CFR | Code of Federal Regulations |
| CFVS | Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety |
| CGADD | Coast Guard Addendum |
| CGDF | Coast Guard Dining Facility |
| CGIS | Coast Guard Investigative Service |
| CGPC | Coast Guard Personnel Command |
| CIC | Combat Information Center |
| CIO | Command Intelligence Officer |
| CISM | Critical Incident Stress Management |
| CM | Configuration Management |
| CMAA | Chief Master at Arms |
| CMCO | Classified Material Control Officer |
| CMG | Course Made Good |
| CMS | COMSEC (Communication Security) Material System |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| CO | Commanding Officer or Carbon Monoxide |
| CO/OIC | Commanding Officer/Officer-in-Charge |
| COCO | Chief of Contracting Officer |
| COFR | Certificate of Financial Responsibility |
| COG | Course Over Ground |
| COI | Certificate of Inspection |
| COLREG | International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea |
| COMCEN | Communications Center |
| COMDTINST | Commandant Instruction |
| COMINT | Communications Intelligence |
| COMMS | Communications |
| CONOPS | Concept of Operations |
| COR | Certificate of Registry |
| COTP | Captain-of-the-Port |
| COTR | Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative |
| CPC | Commandant’s Performance Challenge |
| CPO | Chief Petty Officer |
| CPR | Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation |
| CPU | Central Processing Unit |
| CQA | Commandant’s Quality Award |
| CRT | Cathode Ray Tube |
| CS | Creeping Line Search |
| CSIM | Control Station Interface Module |
| CSMP | Current Ship’s Maintenance Project |
| CSP | Commence Search Point |
| CSP | Career Sea Pay |
| CVE | Control Verification Examination |
| CVS | Commercial Vessel Safety |
| CWO | Chief Warrant Officer |
| DAMA | Demand Assigned Multiple Access |
| DAN | Driver’s Alert Network |
| DANTES | Defense Activity for Non-Traditional Education Support |
| DAPA | Drug and Alcohol Program Administration |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| DDEC | Detroit Diesel Electronically Controlled |
| DEER | Defense Enrollment and Eligibility Reporting System |
| DEMPs | Diesel Engine Maintenance Programs |
| DF | Direction Finding |
| DGPS | Differential Global Positioning System |
| DICP | Drop-In Communications Package |
| DISREP | Discrepancy Report |
| DISREPS | Discrepancy Report |
| DIW | Dead-in-the-Water |
| DMA | Defense Mapping Agency |
| DMB | Data Marker Buoy |
| DMOA | Designated Medical Officer Advisor |
| DMS | Docket Management System |
| DO | Defense Operations |
| DoD | Department of Defense |
| DONCAF | Department of the Navy Central Adjudication Facility |
| DOT | Department of Transportation |
| DPB | Deployable Pursuit Boat |
| DR | Dead Reckoning |
| DSC | Digital Selective Calling |
| DVL | Digital Voice Logger |
| DWO | Deck Watch Officer |
| DWONR | Deck Watch Officer Navigation Rules |
| EAP | Employee Assistance Program |
| EAPC | Employee Assistance Program Coordinator |
| EBL | Electronic Bearing Line |
| EC | Electronic Control |
| EC | Engineering Change |
| ECM | Electronic Control Module |
| ECR | Engineering Change Request |
| ECS | Electronic Chart System |
| EDF | Enlisted Drug Facilities |
| EDM | Electronic Display Module |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| EEZ | Exclusive Economic Zone |
| EGIM | Electronic Gear Interface Module |
| ELC | Engineering Logistics Center |
| ELINT | Electronics Intelligence |
| ELT | Emergency Locator Transmitter |
| ELT | Enforcement of Laws and Treaties |
| EMI | Extra Military Instruction |
| EMS | Emergency Medical Services |
| EMT | Emergency Medical Technician |
| EO | Engineering Officer |
| EOCT | End-of-Course Test |
| EP | Estimated Position |
| EPA | Environmental Protection Agency |
| EPES | Enlisted Personnel Evaluation System |
| EPIRB | Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon |
| EPO | Engineering Petty Officer |
| EPO/EO | Engineering Petty Officer/Engineering Officer |
| EPS | Environmental Protection Specialist |
| ERIM | Engine Room Interface Module |
| ESA | Endangered Species Act |
| ESD | Electronics Support Detachment |
| ESU/D | Electronics Support Unit/detachment |
| ET | Electronics Technician |
| ETA | Electronic Transportation Acquisition |
| ETA | Estimated Time of Arrival |
| EXCOM | Extended Communications |
| FAA | Federal Aviation Agency |
| FAR | Family Advocacy Representative |
| FAR | Federal Acquisition Regulations |
| FAST | Facial Drooping, Arm Weakness, Speech Difficulty, and Time is Critical |
| FBIS | Foreign Broadcast Information Service |
| FEDEX | Federal Express |
| FEEF | Federal Energy Efficiency Funding |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| FFCS | Full Function Crew Station |
| FID | Field Information Document |
| FINCEN | Finance Center |
| FIR | Field Intelligence Report |
| FL | Fitness Leader |
| FLOCS | Fast Lubricating Oil Change System |
| FLS | Fleet Logistics Supply |
| FM | Frequency Modulation |
| FMP | Fisheries Management Plan |
| FOIA | Freedom of Information Act |
| FOSC | Federal On-Scene Coordinator |
| FOUO | For Official Use Only |
| FPCON | Force Protection Conditions |
| FPM | Feet Per Minute |
| FRP | Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic |
| FS | Food Service Specialist |
| FSC | Federal Supply Classification |
| FSI | Field Sobriety Test |
| FSIC | Fiscal, Sanitation, Immigration or Customs |
| FSO | Food Services Officer |
| FWPCA | Federal Water Pollution Control Act |
| FWS | Fish and Wildlife Service |
| GAR | Green-Amber-Red |
| GFM | Global Freight Management |
| GMDSS | Global Maritime Distress and Safety System |
| G-OCS | Office of Boat Forces |
| G-OI | Office of Intelligence |
| GPH | Gallons Per Hour |
| GPS | Global Positioning System |
| GRUCOM | Group Commander |
| GSA | Government Service Administration |
| GTA | Government Transportation Account |
| GV | Government Vehicle |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| HAZCOM | Hazardous Communication |
| HAZMAT | Hazardous Material |
| HAZWASTE | Hazardous Waste |
| HCPV/HIV | High Capacity Passenger Vessel/High Interest Vessel |
| HDOP | Horizontal Dilution of Precision |
| HEA | Harbor Entrance and Approach |
| HELP | Heat Escape Lessening Position |
| HF | High Frequency |
| HIN | Hull Identification Number |
| HIV | Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
| HS | Homeland Security |
| HPU | Hydraulic Power Unit |
| HRSIC | Human Resources Services and Information Center |
| HSC | Harbor Safety Committee |
| HUMINT | Human Intelligence |
| HVAC | Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning |
| IACS | International Association of Classification Societies |
| IALA | International Association of Lighthouse Authorities |
| IAMSAR | International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue |
| I-AtoNIS | Integrated Aids to Navigation Information Systems |
| ICA | Individual Credit Accounts |
| ICAO | International Civil Aviation Organization |
| ICC | Intelligence Coordination Center |
| ICLL | International Convention on Load Lines |
| ICMTS | Interagency Committee of the Marine Transportation System |
| ICS | Incident Command System |
| ICV | Intercommunicating Fill Valve |
| ICW | Intracoastal Waterway |
| IDT | Inactive Duty for Training |
| IEC | International Electrotechnical Commission |
| IIP | International Ice Patrol |
| IIR | Intelligence Information Report |
| IIRAIRA | Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| ILO | International Labor Organization |
| IMARV | Independent Maritime Response Vessel |
| IMO | International Maritime Organization |
| IMPAC | International Merchant Purchase Authorization Card |
| INA | Immigration and Nationality Act |
| INS | Immigration and Naturalization Service |
| IPIECA | International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association |
| IPS | International Pipe Standard |
| IRIS | Incident Reporting Information System |
| ISC | Integrated Support Command |
| ISM | International Ship Management |
| ISO | International Standards Organization |
| IT | Information Systems Technician |
| IUU | Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated |
| JOOD | Junior Officer of the Day |
| JQR | Job Qualification Requirement |
| KO | Contracting Officer |
| LC | Load Center |
| LCD | Liquid Crystal Display |
| LCVP | Landing Craft, Vehicle, Personnel |
| LE | Law Enforcement |
| LEISII | Law Enforcement Information System II |
| LEMAN | Law Enforcement Manual |
| LEO | Law Enforcement Officer |
| LEQB | Law Enforcement Qualification Board |
| LEU | Law Enforcement Unit |
| LHA | Local Housing Authority |
| LHI | Local Housing Inspector |
| LIR | Letter Incident Report |
| LKP | Last Known Position |
| LLNR | Light List Number |
| LMR | Living Marine Resource |
| LNB | Large Navigation Buoy |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| LNG | Liquid Natural Gas |
| LOA | Length Overall |
| LOB | Line-of-Bearing |
| LOC | Letter of Commendation or Level of Consciousness |
| LOGREQ | Logistics Requirements |
| LOP | Line of Position |
| LORAN-C | Long-Range Aid to Navigation |
| LORSTA | LORAN Station |
| LOS | Line-of-Sight |
| LUFS | Large Unit Financial System |
| LUT | Local User Terminal |
| LWL | Length on Waterline |
| MAA | Master at Arms |
| MARB | Maritime Assistance Request Broadcast |
| MARPOL | International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships |
| MARSEC | Marine Security Conditions |
| MASINT | Measurement and Signature Intelligence |
| MAW | Maximum Allowable Weight |
| MBR INT | Member’s Initials |
| MCB | Motor Cargo Boat |
| MCM | Manual for Courts-Martial |
| MCS | Master Control Station |
| MDA | Maritime Domain Awareness |
| MDV | Marine Dealer Visit |
| MDZ | Maritime Defense Zone |
| MEDICO | Medical Advice |
| MEDEVAC | Medical Evacuation |
| MEP | Marine Environmental Protection |
| MEPC | Marine Environment Protection Committee |
| MER | Marine Environmental Response |
| MF | Medium Frequency |
| MFPU | Maritime Force Protection Unit |
| MHS | Maritime Homeland Security |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| MI | Marine Information |
| MI | Maintenance Inspection |
| MI & R | Maintenance, Improvement and Repair |
| MIC | Manufacturer Identification Code |
| MICA | Management Information for Configuration and Allowances |
| MICA | Machinery Information Catalog Allowance |
| MIM | Marine Interface Module |
| MISLE | Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement |
| MJM | Military Justice Manual |
| MLB | Motor Lifeboat |
| MLC | Maintenance and Logistics Command |
| MLCPAC | Maintenance and Logistics Command Pacific |
| MMD | Merchant Mariner Document |
| MMPA | Marine Mammal Protection Act |
| MMS | Minerals Management Services |
| MMSI | Maritime Mobile Service Identity |
| MOA | Memorandum of Agreement |
| MOB | Man Overboard |
| MOU | Memorandum of Understanding |
| MPR | Multiple Persons-in-the-Water |
| MPS | Marine Protected Species |
| MRE | Military Rule of Evidence |
| MRR | Medium-Range Recovery |
| MSAP | Maritime SAR Assistance Policy |
| MSB | Motor Surf Boat |
| MSC | Marine Safety Center |
| MSFCMA | Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act |
| MSO | Maintenance Support Outline |
| MSO | Marine Safety Office |
| MSS | Marine Safety and Security |
| MSST | Maritime Safety and Security Team |
| MTL | Master Training List |
| MTS | Marine Transportation System |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| MTSNAC | Marine Transportation System National Advisory Council |
| MWR | Moral, Welfare and Recreation |
| NAFA | Non-Appropriated Fund Activity |
| NAVAIDS | Navigational Aids |
| NAVRULS | Navigation Rules |
| NCP | National Contingency Plan |
| NCW | Naval Coastal Warfare |
| NDRS | National Distress Response System |
| NDRSMP | National Distress Response System Modernization Project |
| NDS | National Distress System |
| NESU | Naval Engineering Support Unit |
| NJP | Non-Judicial Punishment |
| NLB | Nearshore Life Boat |
| NLT | No Later Than |
| NM | Nautical Miles |
| NMEA | National Marine Electronics Association |
| NMFS | National Marine Fisheries Service |
| NMLBS | National Motor Lifeboat School |
| NOS | National Ocean Survey |
| NOAA | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |
| NRC | National Response Center |
| NRT | National Response Team |
| NSARC | National Search and Rescue Committee |
| NSB | Non-Standard Boat |
| NSF | National Strike Force |
| NSFCC | National Strike Force Coordination Center |
| NSN | National Stock Number |
| NSP | National Search and Rescue Plan |
| NSS | National Search and Rescue Supplement |
| NTP | Naval Training Publication |
| NVDC | National Vessel Documentation Center |
| NVIC | Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circular |
| NWP | Naval Warfare Publication |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| OBA | Oxygen Breathing Apparatus |
| O/S WX | On-Scene Weather |
| OCMI | Officer-in-Charge Marine Inspection |
| OER | Officer Evaluation Report |
| OIC | Officer-in-Charge |
| OIC INT | Officer in Charge’s Initials |
| OJT | On-the-Job Training |
| OM & S | Operating Materials and Supplies |
| OMMP | Occupational Medical Monitoring Program |
| OOD | Officer of the Deck (Day) |
| OPA | Oil Pollution Act |
| OPAREA | Operational Area |
| OPCEN | Operations Center |
| OPCON | Operational Control |
| OPFAC | Operating Facility |
| OPLAN | Operations Plan |
| OPORD | Operations Order |
| OPORDER | Operations Order |
| OQB | Operations Qualification Board |
| ORM | Operational Risk Management |
| OS | Operations Specialist |
| OSB | Operations Standards Board |
| OSC | Operations Systems Center |
| OSC | On-Scene Commander |
| OSHA | Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
| OTC | Officer in Tactical Command |
| PA | Privacy Act |
| PAL | Personnel Allowance List |
| PALMS | Patrol Order Management System |
| PAO | Public Affairs Officer |
| PATCOM | Patrol Commander |
| PAWSS | Ports and Waterways Safety System |
| PCS | Permanent Change of Station |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| PDD | Presidential Decision Directive |
| PDR | Personnel Data Record |
| PDS | Personnel Data System |
| PERSRU | Personnel Reporting Unit |
| PES | Port and Environmental Safety |
| PFD | Personal Flotation Device |
| PI | Personnel Inspection |
| PIAT | Public Information Assistance Team |
| PIE | Partnership in Education |
| PIW | Person-in-the-Water |
| PLB | Personal Locator Beacon |
| PMIS/JUMPS | Personnel Management Information System/Joint Uniform Military Pay System |
| PMLV | Personnel Marker Light |
| PMS | Preventative/Planned Maintenance System |
| PO | Petty Officer |
| POB | Persons Onboard |
| POD | Probability of Detection |
| POP | Planned Obligation Priority |
| POS | Probability of Success |
| POPFAC | Parent Operating Facility |
| POW | Plan of the Week |
| PPE | Personal Protective Equipment |
| PPI | Plan Position Indicator |
| PPS | Precise Positioning Service |
| PQS | Personnel Qualification Standard |
| PR | Position Report |
| PRECOM | Preliminary Communications |
| PREP | Preparedness for Response Exercise Program |
| PS | Parallel Search |
| PSCO | Port State Control Officer |
| PSU | Port Security Unit |
| PTO | Power Take-Off |
| PWB | Port and Waterways Boat |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| PWSA | Ports and Waterway Safety Act |
| QAWTD | Quick-Acting Watertight Door |
| QEB | Qualification Examining Board |
| QRC | Quick Response Card |
| RACON | Radar Beacon |
| RB-HS | Response Boat-Homeland Security |
| RB-M | Response Boat-Medium |
| RBS | Recreational Boating Safety |
| RB-S | Response Boat-Small |
| RCC | Rescue Coordination Center |
| RDF | Radio Direction Finder |
| RFMC | Regional Fisheries Management Council |
| RFMO | Regional Fisheries Management Organization |
| RFO | Ready for Operations |
| RIK | Rations-In-Kind |
| RMS | Readiness Management System |
| RNAV | Radio Aids to Navigation |
| ROC/POE | Required Operational Capability/Point of Entry |
| RP | Responsible Party |
| RPAL | Reserve Personnel Allowance List |
| RS | Rescue Swimmer |
| RSC | Rescue Sub-Center |
| RT | Receiver/Transmitter |
| SAFE | Substance Abuse Free Environment |
| SAI | Small Arms Instructor |
| SAP | Simplified Acquisition Procedures |
| SAR | Search and Rescue |
| SAREX | SAR Exercise |
| SARMIS | Search and Rescue Mission Information System |
| SARSAT | Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking |
| SAT | Subsistence Advisory Team |
| SATCOM | Satellite Communication |
| SB | Sailboat |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| SC | SAR Coordinator |
| SCUBA | Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus |
| SDB | Service Dress Blue |
| SDO | Sector Duty Officer |
| SEAOP | Special and Emergency Operations Procedure |
| SEPRATS | Separate Rations |
| SF | Safety Factor |
| SIGINT | Signals Intelligence |
| SIPRNET | Secret Internet Protocol Routing Network |
| SITREP | Situation Report |
| SKF | Skiff |
| SLDMB | Self Locating Datum Marker Buoy |
| SMC | SAR Mission Coordinator |
| SMS | Safety Management System |
| SMTJ | Special Maritime and Territorial Jurisdiction |
| SNO | Statement of No Objection |
| SOA | Speed of Advance |
| SOG | Speed Over Ground |
| SOLAS | Safety of Life at Sea |
| SO-OP | Auxiliary Division Operations Officer |
| SOP | Standard Operating Procedure |
| SOPA | Senior Officer Present Afloat |
| SOPEP | Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan |
| SOQ | Sailor of the Quarter |
| SOS | Save Our Ship |
| SPC | Special Purpose Craft |
| SPC (HWX) | Heavy Weather Special Purpose Craft |
| SPC (LE) | Special Purpose Craft (Law Enforcement) |
| SPE | Severity-Probability-Exposure |
| SPF | Sun Protection Factor |
| SPOC | SAR Point of Contact |
| SPS | Standard Positioning Service |
| SRA | Short-Range Aids to Navigation |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| SROE | Standing Rules of Engagement |
| SRR | Search and Rescue Region |
| SRR | Short-Range Recovery |
| SRS | Synchronous Reference Sensor |
| SRU | Search and Rescue Unit |
| SS | Square Search |
| SSB | Single Side Band |
| SSB-HF | Single Side Band - High Frequency |
| SSL | Standard Support Level |
| SSM | Support and Special Mission |
| SSMR | Shore Station Maintenance Record |
| SSPO | Station Support Petty Officer |
| STA OPS | Station Operations |
| STAN & RFO | Readiness and Standardization Program |
| STANT | Station Aids to Navigation Team |
| STAR | Standard Automated Requisitioning |
| STCW | Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers |
| STTR | Short Term Resident Training Request |
| STU III | Secure Telephone Unit |
| SURPIC | Surface Picture |
| SWE | Service-wide Exam |
| SWL | Safe Working Load |
| TACON | Tactical Control |
| TAD | Temporary Assigned Duty |
| TAIT | Temporary Access Inventory Tool |
| TANB | Trailerable Aids to Navigation Boat |
| TB | Tuberculosis |
| TBSA | Total Body Surface Area |
| TC | Technical Committee |
| TCM | Telecommunications Manual |
| TCOW | Telecommunications Watchstander |
| TCT | Team Coordination Training |
| TD | Temporary Duty |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| TD | Time Difference |
| TFC | Total Fuel Consumption |
| THREATCON | Threat Conditions |
| TMT | Training Management Tool |
| TOI | Target of Interest |
| TPSB | Transportable Port Security Boat |
| TQC | Training Quota Management Center |
| TRACEN | Training Center |
| TRATEAM | Training Team |
| TRS | Timing Reference Sensor |
| TSN | Track Line Non-Return Search |
| TSR | Track Line Return Search |
| U/W | Underway |
| UCMJ | Uniform Code of Military Justice |
| UEG | Unit Environmental Guide |
| UEPH | Unaccompanied Enlisted Personnel Housing |
| UHF | Ultra High Frequency |
| UMI | Universal Marine Interface |
| UMIB | Urgent Marine Information Broadcast |
| UOF | Use of Force |
| UPF | Unit Performance Factor |
| UPH | Unaccompanied Personnel Housing |
| UPS | United Parcel Service |
| USBP | United States Border Patrol |
| USC | United States Code |
| USFWS | U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |
| USPS | U.S. Power Squadron |
| USWMS | Uniform State Waterway Marking System |
| UTB | Utility Boat |
| UTBSC | Utility Boat Systems Center |
| UTC | Coordinated Universal Time |
| UTL | Utility Boat Light |
| UTM | Utility Boat Medium |
| ACRONYM | DEFINITION |
| UTS | Unit Travel System |
| UV | Ultraviolet |
| VHA | Variable Housing Allowance |
| VHF | Very High Frequency |
| VRM | Variable Range Marker |
| VRO | Variable Ratio Oiler |
| VRP | Vessel Response Plan |
| VS | Sector Search |
| VSC | Vessel Safety Check |
| VTS | Vessel Traffic Services |
| WP | Working Punt |
| WAAS | Wide Area Augmentation System |
| WAMS | Waterways Analysis and Management System |
| WC | Wellness Coordinator |
| WLIC | Construction Tender |
| WLL | Working Load Limit |
| WPB | Patrol Boat |
| WR | Wellness Representative |
| WWM | Waterways Management |
| XO | Executive Officer |
| XPO | Executive Petty Officer |
| XTE | Cross Track Error |
COMDTINST 16114.4A, ch. 6, J.25
Study aid only — it certifies nothing.